The four cardinal virtues of Stoicism
The philosophy focuses on cultivating inner strength, wisdom, and ethical behavior in order to lead a fulfilled and tranquil life. While there are many aspects to Stoicism, four key virtues are central to the philosophy:
- Wisdom (Prudentia or Sophia): Wisdom is the ability to discern what is truly valuable and important in life. It involves making good decisions, understanding how to act in different situations, and having a clear grasp of the principles that guide human behavior. In Stoicism, wisdom is seen as the primary virtue, as it helps in the proper application of the other virtues.
- Courage (Fortitudo or Andreia): Courage is the ability to confront fear, pain, and adversity in the pursuit of worthy goals. Stoics believe that courage is essential for personal growth and development, as well as for standing up for one's beliefs and principles. This virtue extends beyond physical bravery to include moral courage and the willingness to endure hardship for the sake of what is right.
- Justice (Iustitia or Dikaiosyne): Justice is the virtue of treating others fairly, upholding moral and ethical principles, and promoting harmony within society. Stoics view justice as the backbone of social order and believe that it is the responsibility of each individual to contribute to the common good. This includes recognizing the dignity and worth of others, acting with fairness and compassion, and working towards a more equitable society.
- Temperance (Temperantia or Sophrosyne): Temperance is the practice of self-discipline, moderation, and restraint in one's actions, thoughts, and desires. It is the ability to find balance and harmony in life by avoiding excess and indulgence. Stoics believe that temperance enables individuals to develop self-mastery and maintain a clear, rational perspective, even in the face of challenging circumstances.
These virtues form the foundation for personal growth and ethical conduct. By cultivating and practicing these virtues, individuals can achieve inner peace, resilience, and a deep sense of fulfillment, regardless of external circumstances. This approach to life encourages individuals to focus on what is within their control and to accept what is beyond it with equanimity, ultimately leading to a more content and meaningful existence.